- Life-threatening causes to exclude: ACS, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, spontaneous pneumothorax, and oesophageal rupture - Key clinical red flags: altered consciousness, syncope, dyspnoea, active/ongoing…
Dr. Sasha Sadiq
- Red flags indicate potentially serious pathology such as fracture, malignancy, infection, or cervical cord compression and necessitate immediate investigation and/or specialist referral - Key red flags from history:…
Dr. Jono O'Sullivan-Scott
- Orbital signs (periorbital oedema/redness, proptosis, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, reduced visual acuity) warrant urgent referral, as the orbit is the most common site of complicated sinusitis - Intracranial signs…
Leolyn Günther
- Red flags warranting emergency referral include: unwell/toxic appearance, respiratory distress, stridor, trismus, drooling, "hot potato" (muffled) voice, and torticollis - These features suggest serious complications…
Dominique Trauer
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Leolyn Günther
- ABCDE rule for melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution (the most important sign) - Nodular melanoma can be missed by ABCDE: look for EFG (Elevated, Firm, Growing),…
Jodi Britnell
- Red flags indicate possible structural brain or cervical spine injury requiring emergency department referral - Key red flags: prolonged or deteriorating consciousness, seizures, repeated vomiting, worsening headache,…
Dr. Sasha Sadiq
Low ferritin with normal haemoglobin indicates iron deficiency without anaemia (IDWA), also termed non-anaemic iron deficiency (NAID). This represents depleted iron stores before haemoglobin has been affected,…
Kayla Baradel
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Sarah Ali
- Red flags screen for four main serious pathologies: malignancy, fracture, infection, and cauda equina syndrome (CES) - CES is the most urgent: key features are saddle anaesthesia, bladder/bowel dysfunction, bilateral…
Leolyn Günther